Nur Syazwani Maslan, Marni Azira Markom, Nashrul Fazli Mohd Nasir, Che Wan Sharifah Robiah Mohamad, Nur Farahiyah Mohammad, Mohd Riza Mohd Roslan, Ee Meng Cheng, Chong You Beh, Erdy Sulino Mohd Muslim Tan, Muzammil Jusoh, Muhammad Artha Jabatsudewa Maras, Mohd Nasir Abdullah
Seashells and corals can serve as natural sources of hydroxyapatite (HA) to replace synthetic HA. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of hydroxyapatite (HA) synthesized from Ensis Arcuatus shells was investigated against S. aureus and E. coli. HA samples were prepared using a wet precipitation method, and the antimicrobial testing was conducted using the agar well diffusion technique. The results showed that pure HA did not exhibit significant antibacterial effects on either bacterial strain at concentrations ranging from 6.25 mg/mL to 100 mg/mL. No observable zone of inhibition (ZOI) was detected, indicating a lack of effective bacterial growth inhibition. These findings were consistent for both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, aligning with previous studies. Further research is needed to enhance the antibacterial properties of HA or explore alternative antimicrobial agents. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2025.
Biomedical Electronic Engineering Programme, Faculty of Electronic Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Arau, Malaysia; Sports Engineering Research Centre, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Arau, Malaysia; Department of Engineering and Built Environment, Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology (TAR UMT), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Faculty of Electric Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Perlis, Arau, Malaysia; Program Studi Teknik Biomedis, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan, Indonesia; Natural Intention Sdn. Bhd, Perak, Simpang, 34700, Malaysia
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