Rico Aditia Prahmana, Prihadi Setyo Darmanto, Firman Bagja Juangsa, Iman Kartolaksono Reksowardojo, Tirto Prakoso, Jooned Hendrarsakti, Zido Yuwazama, Azaria Haykal Ahmad, Teuku Meurah Indra Riayatsyah, Achmad Gus Fahmi, Arridina Susan Silitonga, Samsu Dlukha Nurcholik
Recent studies have shown the potential of zinc oxide as an additive in diesel engines because of its favorable properties. Goethite, as a metal additive, exhibits good thermodynamic stability and acts as a catalyst carrier to reduce environmental pollution. Incorporating zinc oxide microparticles and goethite nanoparticles into pure palm oil (PPaO) has great potential to improve the fuel properties. Therefore, in this study, the effects of adding zinc oxide microparticles and goethite nanoparticles into PPaO on the engine performance, spray characteristics, and smoke opacity of a diesel engine were investigated. A high-speed camera was used for the spray experiments. The results showed that the use of PPaO significantly increased the smoke opacity by ∼127.89 % compared with diesel fuel (DF). However, the use of PPaO with zinc oxide microparticles (PPaOZnO) and PPaO with goethite nanoparticles (PPaOGOE) significantly reduced the smoke opacity. The reduction in smoke opacity was most pronounced for the PPaOGOE fuel blend, with a value of 60 %, relative to the smoke opacity for DF. The PPaOZnO fuel blend significantly increased the specific fuel consumption by 37.1 %, with an average increase of ∼24.21 %, compared with DF at an engine load of 40 %. Moreover, the use of PPaOZnO and PPaOGOE fuel blends improved spray penetration 2 times compared to PPaO, although the relative viscosity and spray angle were similar to those for PPaO. These findings suggest that zinc oxide and goethite have great potential as additives for PPaO fuel, thereby enhancing the efficiency and performance of diesel engines. © 2024 The Authors
Doctoral Program of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia; Thermal Science and Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia; Study Program of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, South Lampung, 35365, Indonesia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia; Master Program of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia; Study Program of Cosmetic Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, South Lampung, 35365, Indonesia; Study Program of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Universitas Pertamina, Jakarta, 12220, Indonesia; Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, 2007, NSW, Australia; Center of Renewable Energy, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Medan, Medan, 20155, Indonesia; Department of Naval Architecture, Institut Teknologi Kalimantan, Balikpapan, 76127, Indonesia; Research Center of Marine Systems Emission Control, Institut Teknologi Kalimantan, Balikpapan, 76127, Indonesia; Research Centre for New and Renewable Energy, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia; Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Japan