Ongky Anggara, Putri Sonya, Redho Surya Perdana, Dita Mulia Pangestika, Aulia Try Atmojo, Argo Galih Suhadha, Satrio Muhammad Alif, Agung Mahadi Putra Perdana
The increasing population demand for water resources in urban areas has forced excessive groundwater extraction and increased excessive building loads, resulting in many urban areas experiencing land subsidence. The land subsidence phenomenon has occurred in many big cities in Indonesia, including Medan. This research used Sentinel-1A satellite imagery from LiCSBAS time series analysis, which is integrated with the automated Sentinel-1 InSAR processor (COMET-LiCSAR) and adopted to obtain the land subsidence rate in 2015–2023. The InSAR processing process considers atmospheric effects using the Generic Atmospheric Correction Online Service for InSAR (GACOS). Time series InSAR indicates Medan City experienced an average land subsidence rate ranging from ~−2 mm/year to ~−40 mm/year. Land subsidence spread throughout all sub-districts in Medan, with sinking occurring predominantly in heavily populated regions in the central part of Medan City. Excessive building loads and excessive groundwater use due to the increasing population growth rate are suspected to cause land subsidence in Medan. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2025.
Geomatics Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, South Lampung, Indonesia; Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia; National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Bogor, Indonesia