Mezan Adly Al Qadri, Wahyu Solafide Sipahutar, Nur Istiqomah Khamidy, Iwan Syahjoko Saputra, Eri Widianto, Widi Astuti, Eka Nurfani
In this paper, we study the effects of Cu, Ni, and Zn doping in TiO2 layers on the performance of MAPbI3-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated under ambient air with relative humidity between 60% and 70%. One of the factors limiting the efficiency of MAPbI3-based PSCs is the TiO2 electron transport layer properties. The efficiency of PSCs is the maximum power that can be produced by a PSC when illuminated by light with a specific energy. This study aims to enhance MAPbI3-based PSC efficiency by doping TiO2 with 2 mol.% Cu, Ni, and Zn. MAPbI3-based PSCs were then fabricated using spin coating with the structure ITO/TiO2/MAPbI3/graphite/ITO. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed that doping reduced TiO2 crystal sizes from 19.34 nm (pure) to 18.96 nm (Cu-doped), 18.04 nm (Ni-doped), and 17.6 nm (Zn-doped), with corresponding average particle sizes of 225 nm, 107 nm, 79 nm, and 50.4 nm. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy indicated an increase in the bandgap from 3.0 eV (pure) to 3.1 eV (Cu-doped), 3.2 eV (Ni-doped), and 3.25 eV (Zn-doped). Current–voltage (I–V) electrical testing revealed improvement in efficiency from 5.7% (undoped) to 7.6% (Cu-doped), 6.9% (Ni-doped), and 8.01% (Zn-doped). These findings demonstrate that metal-doped TiO2 significantly enhances the efficiency of MAPbI3-based PSCs fabricated in open-air environments without the need for a glove box. © The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society 2024.
Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung, 35365, Indonesia; Department of Cosmetic Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung, 35365, Indonesia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Singaperbangsa Karawang, Karawang, 41361, Indonesia; Research Center of Mining Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Lampung, 35361, Indonesia