Kusuma Putri Suwondo, Muhammad Kozin, Rima Angellina, Yulia Elfena, Diah Ayu Fitriani, Agus Nugroho, Adita Wardani Rahmania, Erie Martides, Muhammad Prisla Kamil, Prabowo Puranto
Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings enhance the biological integration and corrosion performance of titanium implants; however, conventional direct-current (DC) electrochemical deposition (ECD) often yields porous, weakly adherent layers. This study introduces a DC-biased alternating current (AC) ECD, by superimposing a 10 V sinusoidal waveform onto DC biases of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 V, to regulate HA growth on Ti-6Al-4V. Increasing the DC bias shifted the deposition regime, leading to a morphological evolution from short crystallites to elongated, interconnected needle-like networks. X-ray diffraction revealed sharpened HA reflections, indicating enhanced crystallinity, while surface roughness and hydrophilicity also increased. Potentiodynamic polarization demonstrated improved corrosion resistance, with 2.5 VDC exhibit lowest jcorr of (3.17 ± 0.05) × 10−8 A cm−2 and protection efficiencies of (91 ± 4) %. All coatings promoted secondary apatite formation in simulated body fluid. This approach provides a tunable, low-temperature pathway for engineering compact, corrosion-resistant HA layers. © 2026 Elsevier Ltd
Research Center for Composite and Biomaterials, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Banten, South Tangerang, 15314, Indonesia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA), Lampung, South Lampung, 35365, Indonesia
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