Widi Astuti, Henita Br. Sitohang, Lukman Nulhakim, Amru Daulay, Tri Handini, Moch. Setyadji, Harry Supriadi, Monna Rozana, Himawan Tri Bayu Murti Petrus
The vital role of catalysts in chemical transformation processes in various industries will affect the amount of spent catalyst waste. Spent catalysts that have undergone catalytic deactivation have become solid waste. This study conducted an experiment to utilise valuable metals from spent catalyst waste. This study successfully reused spent catalysts and extracted manganese ore through leaching and oxalate precipitation to produce Ni, Mn, and Co precursor as raw materials in nickel manganese cobalt (NMC) cathode synthesis of lithium ion batteries. The results of XRF characterisation of leaching and oxalate precipitation products showed a purity of Ni 97.471%, Mn 90.67%, and Co 96.347%. The XRF results as a percentage of precursor content showed that the extraction process of Ni, Mn, and Co precursors, as well as the synthesis of NMC produced NMC products with a mole ratio of 8:1:1 using the solid-state method. The results of all samples showed NMC in accordance with JCPDS No.25-0581 with a rock-like morphology from SEM analysis. The elemental distribution of the EDS spectra results of the samples showed that higher ball mill speed and mixing time dramatically affected the mixing (homogenisation) of the precursor synthesis, which affected the electrochemical test results. © The Author(s) 2025
Research Center for Mining Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), South Lampung, Lampung Province, Indonesia; Department of Engineering Physics, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, South Lampung, Lampung Province, Indonesia; PT. Pertamina (Persero), Jakarta, Indonesia; Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), West Java, Bandung, Indonesia; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Sleman, Indonesia
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