Mezan Adly Al Qadri, Eka Nurfani
This study explores the effect of precursor molarity (PbI2 and MAI) on the structural, morphological, and photovoltaic properties of MAPbI3 films for solar cells. MAPbI3 films were prepared with precursor molarities ranging from 2.0 M to 2.8 M, synthesized entirely in open air without a glove box. XRD results show that higher molarity enhances crystallinity and reduces residual PbI2, while SEM images reveal improved grain size and uniformity. Cross-sectional analysis confirms that film thickness increases with molarity. The solar cell structure ITO/TiO2/MAPbI3/graphite exhibited highest performance at 2.8 M, achieving a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.61 %, compared to 0.35 % at 2.0 M. This work demonstrates the crucial role of precursor molarity in tuning film quality and device performance and offers a simple, low-cost fabrication method for efficient perovskite solar cells under ambient conditions. © 2025 Elsevier B.V.
Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA), Lampung, 35365, Indonesia; Center for Green and Sustainable Materials, Institut Teknologi Sumatera (ITERA), Lampung, 35365, Indonesia