Adam Irwansyah Fauzi, Nur Azizah, Emi Yati, Aulia Try Atmojo, Arif Rohman, Raden Putra, Muhammad Ario Eko Rahadianto, Desi Ramadhanti, Nesya Hafiza Ardani, Balqis Falah Robbani, Muhammad Ulin Nuha, Agung Mahadi Putra Perdana, Anjar Dimara Sakti, Muhammad Aufaristama, Ketut Wikantika
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 14 pertains to the preservation of sustainable marine ecosystems by establishing marine protected areas (MPAs). However, studies have reported massive damage to Indonesian marine ecosystems due to shipping pollution, anchors, and fishing nets. Thus, this study estimated the potential loss of ecosystem service value due to vessel activity expansion in the MPAs of Indonesia. This study was divided into three stages. The first stage is vessel activity expansion zone modeling based on kernel density. The second stage is marine ecosystem service value modeling through semantic harmonization, reclassification, and spatial harmonization. The last stage is the overlay of the vessel expansion zone model, marine ecosystem service value model, and the MPA of Indonesia. The results of this study indicate that the marine neritic zone of Indonesia has an ecosystem service value of USD 814.23 billion, of which USD 159.87 billion (19.63%) are in the MPA. However, the increase in vessel activity that occurred in 2013–2018 could potentially lead to the loss of the ecosystem service value of USD 27.63 billion in 14 protected areas. These results can assist policymakers in determining priority conservation areas based on the threat of vessel activity and value of ecosystem services. © 2023 by the authors.
Department of Geomatics Engineering, Faculty of Regional and Infrastructure Technology, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan, 35365, Indonesia; Research and Innovation Center for Geospatial Information Science, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan, 35365, Indonesia; Center for Remote Sensing, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia; Research Center for Remote Sensing, Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space, Indonesia National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia; Department of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sumatera, Lampung Selatan, 35365, Indonesia; Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Science Research Group, Faculty of Earth Sciences and Tecnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia; Department of Applied Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Hengelosestraat 99, Enschede, 7514AE, Netherlands
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